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Effects of fluoride or hydrogen peroxide gels on the surface of titanium implant systems
Gabriella M. P. Juanito 1, Johanna K. Schmitz1, Mariane B. Sordi1, Miguel A.P.P. N. Oliveira1, Ricardo S. Magini1, Mathew T. Mathew2, Júlio C. M.
Souza1*
1Center for Research on Dental Implants (CEPID), School of Dentistry (ODT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina,
Brazil; 2Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 3Dept. of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, USA

Statement of purpose: The degradation of titanium in contact with the acidic oral environment has been studied by in vitro corrosion methods [1-3]. However, the corrosive effects of therapeutic substances must be clarified in order to prevent potential damage of implant-supported prostheses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 35% hydrogen peroxide or 1.23% sodium fluoride on titanium dental implant systems.

Methods: Abutment-implant assemblies were embedded in acrylic resin (Technovit 7200 VLC. Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany) and cross-sectioned along the vertical axis of the implant using a precise cutting machine. The cross-sectioned samples were wet ground, polished and then ultrasonically cleaned in isopropyl alcohol. The cross-section method allowed the analysis along the implant-abutment connection by
microscopy and profilometry (Fig. 1). After preparation, an area was selected (0.8 x 0.8 mm) at the level of critical abutment region and implant considering the interaction with the substances. A group of samples was immersed in 35% hydrogen peroxide or 1.23% sodium fluoride for 16 min. After cleaning, the exposed area was analyzed by optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The applied gels were collected and analysed by ICPMS in order to detect the concentration of metallic ions released from the implant systems.

Figure 1. Optical micrographs of the cross-sectioned abutment-implant structures for surface analysis. Areas for optical profilometric analyses on abutment and implants (right).

Results: SEM analysis revealed topographic changes on implant systems after immersion in fluoride. Abutment-implant assemblies showed an appearance of excessive oxidation with loss of material and abutment surfaces revealed intergranular corrosion (Fig.2). ICPMS results revealed a high concentration of Ti, Al, V ions in fluoride gels after contact with the implant systems. Localized corrosion of implant systems could not be detected by SEM after immersion in hydrogen peroxide although the profilometry results have showed increase of roughness. Also, ICP-MS showed the release of metallic ions in hydrogen peroxide medium after contact with dental implants.

Fig. 2. Micrographs obtained after immersion in fluorides. (A and B) Morphological characteristics of surface oxidation and material loss due to corrosion. (C and D) Micrographs of the cross-sectioned abutment with alteration of the surface by intergranular corrosion.

Discussion:
In this study, results obtained by the association between profilometry, SEM and ICP-MS techniques were useful to show alteration of the dental implant systems surface in contact with 1.23% sodium fluoride or 35% hydrogen peroxide for 16 min considering the application protocol used in dental practice. It was possible to detect morphological aspects of excessive oxidation and material loss on implant surface and aspects of intergranular corrosion on abutments. The solutions analyzed after contact with dental implant systems showed the presence of titanium Ti , Al and V ions. Conclusions: It can be concluded that both substances promoted changes in the surface of dental implant
systems being more severe after immersion in sodium fluoride 1.23% gel.

Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by CAPEs and CNPq. References: [1]Cruz, AH ; Souza, J.C.M. ; Henriques, M ; Rocha, L. A. . Tribocorrosion and Bio-Tribocorrosion in the oral environment: The case of dental implants. Biomedical tribology. Stanford: Nova Science Publishers, 2011, v. 1, p. 1-33. [2] Faverani LP, Barão VA, Ramalho-Ferreira G, Ferreira MB, Garcia-Júnior IR, Assunção WG.Effect of bleaching agents and soft drink on titanium surface topography. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2013 May 10. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.32949. [3]Souza JCM, Barbosa SL, Ariza E, Celis J-P, Rocha LA. Simultaneous degradation by corrosion and wear of titanium in artificial saliva containing fluorides. Wear. 2012 292: 82-88

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